Mehanizmi obrane ovisnika o psihoaktivnim tvarima

• Post by: bivanovic
• 27.09.2021.
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Sažetak

Ovisnost o psihoaktivnim tvarima smatra se jednim od vodećih problema novog doba. Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled istraživanja obrambenih mehanizama koje koriste ovisnici o psihoaktivnim tvarima. Ova je tema nedovoljno istražena i proveden je samo mali broj istraživanja s naglaskom na obrambene mehanizme. Susrećemo se s različitim podjelama obrambenih mehanizama u literaturi, a u ovom smo radu koristili Vaillantovu podjelu na psihotične, nezrele, neurotične i zrele obrane. Ovisnici se koriste obrambenim mehanizmima na svim razinama psihološkog funkcioniranja, no prema istraživanjima dominantno upotrebljavaju nezrele i neke od neurotskih obrana. Obrane koje se ističu kao najčešće su poricanje, racionalizacija, projekcija i poništavanje. Devaluacija, reaktivna formacija i snažna emocionalna reakcija (engl. acting out) također su izdvojeni u istraživanju, ali kao manje zastupljeni kod ovisnika u odnosu na prethodno navedene. Najčešći zreli obrambeni mehanizam je sublimacija, no uloga ove obrane još nije dovoljno rasvijetljena. U radu je također razmatrana uloga obrambenih mehanizama u psihoterapijskoj praksi s ovisnicima te njihovi nedostaci i prednosti za kvalitetu psihoterapijskog rada. Buduća bi se istraživanja trebala usredotočiti na istraživanje uloga obrambenih mehanizama u funkcioniranju ovisnika. Takva nam saznanja mogu uveliko pomoći u razumijevanju ovisnosti i pružiti smjernice za psihoterapijski rad.

Ključne riječi: obrambeni mehanizmi; ovisnost; psihoaktivne tvari

Abstract

Drug addiction is considered as one of the leading problems of the modern age. This article presents relevant research on defence mechanisms commonly used among drug addicts. As there is only a small number of studies with defence mechanisms as their focus, this subject is not examined enough. We can find different types of classifications of defence mechanisms in scientific research and in this article. We focused on Vaillant’s categorisation of defence mechanisms: the pathological, immature, neurotic and mature defences. Addicts practice defence mechanisms at all levels of psychological functioning, but according to research, they predominantly use immature and some of the neurotic defences. Prevailing defence mechanisms are denial, rationalisation, projection and undoing. Devaluation, reaction formation and acting out also stand out in research studies, but those are less practiced by addicts. The most noticeable mature defence mechanism is sublimation, but the role of this mechanism and its use are as of yet not established. In this paper, we discuss the role of defence mechanisms in the psychotherapeutic work with addicts, its disadvantages and advantages in terms of the quality of therapeutic work. Future studies should address the importance of defences in addicts’ behaviour. Such knowledge could greatly help in understanding addiction, as well as serve as a guideline for psychotherapy.

Key words: addiction; defence mechanisms; psychoactive substances